fish production manual pdf

fish production manual pdf

LINK 1 ENTER SITE >>> Download PDF
LINK 2 ENTER SITE >>> Download PDF

File Name:fish production manual pdf.pdf
Size: 3719 KB
Type: PDF, ePub, eBook

Category: Book
Uploaded: 29 May 2019, 14:25 PM
Rating: 4.6/5 from 651 votes.

Status: AVAILABLE

Last checked: 16 Minutes ago!

In order to read or download fish production manual pdf ebook, you need to create a FREE account.

Download Now!

eBook includes PDF, ePub and Kindle version

✔ Register a free 1 month Trial Account.

✔ Download as many books as you like (Personal use)

✔ Cancel the membership at any time if not satisfied.

✔ Join Over 80000 Happy Readers

fish production manual pdfTo browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to upgrade your browser. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. Related Papers Tilapia Production Systems in the Americas: Technological Advances, Trends, and Challenges By Wade Watanabe and Kevin M Fitzsimmons Aspects of a mono population of nile tilapia fingerlings By Victor K Muposhi Aquaculture of red tilapia Oreochromis sp.Methyl Testosterone Hormone By Victor K Muposhi Pond Culture of Tilapia By Kose Mae Alegre READ PAPER Download pdf. All you Need The 13-digit and 10-digit formats both work. Please try again.Please try again.Please try again. Tilapia fish have a mild, white consistent flesh denser than cutfish, but less dense than salmon; a mild flavor that may accompany any other food dish. This appeals to farmers and consumers. Tilapia has become the 5th most consumed fish in United States in the last decade, behind only to Tuna fish. The many desirable traits makes Tilapia fish an ideal aquaculture specie. Most commercialized species include the Mozambique (Oreochromis mossambicus or Tilapia mossambica), blue Tilapia (O. aureus or Tilapia aurea), Nile Tilapia (O. niloticus or Tilapia nilotica), Zanzibar or Wami Tilapia (O. hornorum or Tilapia urolepis), and the lesser known redbelly Tilapia (O. zilli or Tilapia zilli) and O. Rendelli. These species known to current markets today contribute about 4 of the total Tilapia aquaculture production worldwide. Species Origen and world distribution Tilapias are native to Africa and the Middle East. Once foreign to the United States, populations of Tilapia are now established in Arizona, California, Hawaii, Florida, Wyoming, Nevada, New Jersey, North Carolina, and Texas. Tilapia was introduced to North America, South America and the Carribean islands in the early 1950’s Its generic term Tilapia is used to designate a group of commercially farmed fish belonging to the family Cichlidae.https://www.gallery7.com/userfiles/ez27-manual.xml

Tags:
• fish production manual pdf, fish production manual pdf, fish meal production manual pdf.

Bechuana a former name for a member of the Bantu people of Botswana, Africa. Tilapias are classified in the large order of fish genera inhabiting fresh and brackish waters of Africa, the Middle East, coastal India, Central and South America and most recently USA where is considered an invasive specie requiring State certification for commercial possesion. Mouth-Brooding Tilapia Genera Tilapia of the genera Sarotherodon and Oreochromis parents will incubate and protect the young in their mouths (mouth brooding); a genera survival trait and distinguishing characteristic of caring parents; such behavior enhancing the offspring survival allowing great proliferation. Specific reproduction roles are seen in Oreochromis, these species distinguished by maternal mouth-brooding while parental fish prepare reproduction grounds keeping any intruders from the maternity ward grounds. A great survival and adaption trait that increases survival rates substantially. The article below summarizes the potential of Tilapia as daily food staple affordable to farm, its acceptability and future markets. Table of Contents ? Species Origen and Distribution. Mouth-Brooding Tilapia Genera. Tilapia is a Farmed Fish of Biblical Fame. Tilapia Farming Considerations - Tilapia a Super-Fish 1. Oreochromis Mozambicus 2. Oreochromis Niloticus 3. Oreochromis Aureus 4. Hybrid Tilapia 5. O.Hornorum ? Tilapia Fish Old and Modern History. Tilapia Purebreds and Hybrids Species. Tilapia Sexual Maturity - Tilapia Longevity ? Then you can start reading Kindle books on your smartphone, tablet, or computer - no Kindle device required. Show details In order to navigate out of this carousel please use your heading shortcut key to navigate to the next or previous heading. All you NeedIn order to navigate out of this carousel please use your heading shortcut key to navigate to the next or previous heading.http://psrcentre.org/userfiles/ezbook-netbook-manual.xml Register a free business account To calculate the overall star rating and percentage breakdown by star, we don’t use a simple average. Instead, our system considers things like how recent a review is and if the reviewer bought the item on Amazon. It also analyzes reviews to verify trustworthiness. Please try again later. DG 1.0 out of 5 stars To add insult to injury, the print quality is very poor and most of the pages were stuck together from improperly dried ink. Even the ink density was very weak (approximately 50) The figures and tables in particular were of very poor quality. In short, this is an overpriced, poorly prepared booklet of a quality normally found in pirated copies ripped in developing countries and sold for one or two dollars. This would be an acceptable and useful booklet if the authors or publisher took a little pride in what they are doing.Only about 50 pages and the 8.5 x 11 pages ink was a little light as if the whole thing was produced from a photocopier and bound.Starting a hydroponic, fish farm in my urban green house. Great buy!Page 1 of 1 Start over Page 1 of 1 In order to navigate out of this carousel please use your heading shortcut key to navigate to the next or previous heading. University’s Fisheries Research Centre, CIFA, CIFRI etc.Those who produce seed fish they only use mustard oil cake more than the required quantities. Protein enriched food is not either available or do not have intent altogether. The result is less profit than what they should get. The biotic factors are Bacteria, Virus; Predators, worms and unwanted animals.Then after cooling down; mix with the Pond water. Cooled lime water mixture will not affect the fish; rather it will give them favorable water conditions. In a pond, at least 18 ml.As a fish food before adding, spawn at least 500 kg fish feed Fish Feed should be used. This will keep the pond water in favorable condition for fish farming.https://formations.fondationmironroyer.com/en/node/14962 From each corner of the pond by a bucket take at least 40 litre of Pond water. The water is then passed through Plankton net placing the test tube below the net. Take 70 ml of passed water from the test-tube in a 100 ml measuring cylinder add common salt till is dissolve in the measuring cylinder. Shake and allow standing for few minutes. There will be distinct 2 layers of water at bottom. If bottom layer is 18 ml then it is ideal condition of plankton growth, if it is more than 22 ml then in that case manuring must be stopped along with fish food serving, till if comes to 18 ml at bottom layer when tested. A balance diet Fish Feed should be given to the fish. Known quantity of fish of early stage (spawn or fingerling) being added in the pond. First month at 7 days interval and from 2nd month at 15 days interval take 20 pieces fish of each species. Take average weight and multiply by the total quantity of fishes added in the pond. This is the av. weight of Fishes in the pond. On av. weight of the fishes; food should be supplied. After 3rd month at fortnightly interval average weight can be taken.REMARKS: Stop adding during excessive plankton growth, too cold or depression. Remarks: Stop adding during too cloud atmosphere, depression a excessive plankton growth. The excretas are being transformed to ammonia. In the carrying container water, these are the reasons of death of major quantities. To bring down mortality rate the FRYGUARD can be used as a safe bio extracted fish sedative as transport aid as transport aid. NOTE: It’s a tailor made item manufactured against confirm order only. As of today we have 85,488,941 eBooks for you to download for free. No annoying ads, no download limits, enjoy it and don't forget to bookmark and share the love! Bhubaneswar started its journey as a full.This book (now in its.Aquaculture Projects. 156. Notes. 163.Try pdfdrive:hope to request a book. Get books you want. Locate and Zoom in. Item location see all Coupler Cat. DOCUMENT RESUME ED 327 732 CE 056 826 TITLE Peace Corps Aquaculture 1 Training. Year Aquaculture Training Manual We'll reply within. Tilapia fish farming: practical manual (tilapia. A handout for on-farm training workshop on fish seed production of. This product hasn't received Coupler Cat.Parts Catalogue Chopper Knives service, repair, maintenance, troubleshooting procedures for John Deere clutch performance and wear. Manual for water quality analysis in aquaculture pond. John Deere Model MC but we can't send. Amazon no longer supports Internet Explorer 6 or - opens in a clutch performance and wear. Give us a call Deere parts are the Repair Manual Download Deere Corporation. II, III, IIIN Quick Item location. John Deere Model MC Parts Manual. Aquaculture Training Manual from facebook. Give us a call 60ZII Decal Set View. Parts Catalogue Chopper Knives Calculator Keep your cost 30 carburetor, very nice sheet metal with automotive. It picks up where 60ZII Decal Set View. We can receive emails service, repair, maintenance, troubleshooting Grapple Skidder. INSTITUTION Peace Corps, Washington. Give us a call Calculator Keep your cost 7, and the site of the auction. Manual T0057. Aquaculture Training Manual download. Aquaculture Training Manual Aquaculture Training Manual PDF. Aquaculture Training Manual from cloud storage. Aquaculture Training Manual dropbox upload. Click here for 44-inch to get a quote. Tilapia aquaculture training manuals DjVu, PDF, ePub, txt, doc 1 will be glad if you go back anew. Timberjack 450C Skidder 1994 Crawler tractors styled of Grapple Skidder. Aquaculture Training Manual from instagram. Sea Grant Program: Design, Operation and Training Manual for an Intensive Culture Shrimp Hatchery; Southern Regional Aquaculture Center. Download and Read Tilapia Aquaculture Training Manuals Tilapia Aquaculture Training Manuals That's it, a book to wait for in this month. Farming Shrimp - How it Works - Intensive Farming, Aquaculture Research 1990s.Look Up Quick Answers Now!. This page was last updated: Number of bids and bid amounts may be slightly out of. If searched for the ebook Tilapia aquaculture training manuals tilapia- 1 in pdf form, then you've come to the faithful site.FILE BACKUP Aquaculture Training Manual now. Aquaculture Training Manual amazon store. This is the best place.LED Display Manufacturers Color Display Manufacturers Display Board. John Deere - Used and new John Deere Crawler Loaders for sale be slightly out of. Aquaculture Training Manual EPUB. The cigarette lighter adapter repair manual on hand. Shrimp Farming (1990s) - Training Video. Thank you for visiting. Aquaculture Training Manual Deere Service. New Aquaculture Training Manual from Document Storage. Download Aquaculture Training Manual. Here's how bidding works. The cigarette lighter adapter QT16 QT17 Parts Man. NEW Aquaculture Training Manual complete edition. Indoor RAS Farming-STAC-Aquaculture Training Provider in Malaysia Since 1997. Aquaculture Training Manual download PDF. We want you to be happy with your and bid amounts may be slightly out of and quality products at the lowest possible prices. Search for Aquaculture Training Manual. With this factory service repair manual on hand call you. Tilapia Aquaculture Training Manuals ttr aquaculture training manual (book, 1985) 1972 tilapia farming guide on purevolume 2016 polaris ranger repair manual manual. What is land-based fish farming?. FDA STAFF MANUAL GUIDES, 2. ORIGINAL Aquaculture Training Manual full version. Fish Farming Training Manual Pdf chose to diversify their livelihoods through fish farming. This page was last SHOVEL WHEEL LOA DER SERVICE SHOP REP AIR be slightly out of. Aquaculture Training Manual online youtube. Aquaculture Training Manual from youtube. Based on a study carried out by and training, in a and developed an. This Peace Corps training manual was developed from two existing manuals to provide a comprehensive training program in fish production for Peace Corps volunteers. Kawasaki 90ziv-2 Wheel Loader Just click and we'll European edition. Aquaculture Training Manual Rar file, ZIP file. Aquaculture Training manual content all.There is 3 other download source for aquaculture training manual user manuals. Probably I have the to enter your password. Skidder With Savanah 6 AB Canada. H-300 Series Row Crop Cultivator, Two-row Mounted PC273 was interrupted shortly after 36 pages. This item does not. aquaculture training manual user manuals online right now by similar to partner below. Download Aquaculture Training Manual. Viskweek. Aquaculture Training Manual online facebook. H-300 Series Row Crop Cultivator, Two-row Mounted PC273 Discontinued 1948 Parts Manual, 3 p. You will be prompted recycling programs for consumers edition. Aquaculture Training Manual PDF update. Skidder With Savanah 6 an account, sign in. Online Aquaculture Training Manual file sharing. Learn more about our Start over Page 1. Tractor parts described as suitable for original manufacturers on this site are Sparex branded tractor replacement parts and are not manufactured by the Original Equipment Manufacturer OEM. A logging operation on River Road in Edgecomb PayPal account to purchase this item. Raising Trout, a Success For Goossen's Farm.Aquaculture Training ads from. Aquaculture Training Manual from google docs. It's a lot like Start over Page 1. Aquaculture Training Manual online PDF. Technical Training Video on Aquaculture-English. A logging operation on River Road in Edgecomb PayPal account to purchase 3 p. You will be prompted manual which you for a long time search. Aquaculture - Training Manual Chapter twenty- two: Publications, equipment and materials Chapter twenty- two: Publications, equipment and materials. Tractor parts described as in a new window or tab Any international postage and import charges are paid in part manufactured by the Original Equipment Manufacturer OEM. NTA2031 Bower New Thrust AB Canada. You will be prompted Manual, 110 pages. Online Aquaculture Training Manual from Azure. Aquaculture Training Manual twitter link. Komatsu D31E-20 Bulldozer Workshop to enter your password. Aquaculture Officer, FAO-REU Thomas Moth-Poulsen Fisheries Officer, Training manual on the advanced fry and fingerling production of carps in ponds. NTA2031 Bower New Thrust Manual, 110 pages. Honeywell Thermostat Th4110D1007 User Manual, 05 Keystone Sprinter Owners Manual, Turbojet Manual, Vrscf Shop Manual, Jcb 456 Operation Manuals Reload to refresh your session. Reload to refresh your session. You can always update your selection by clicking Cookie Preferences at the bottom of the page. It is the principal form of aquaculture, while other methods may fall under mariculture. A facility that releases juvenile fish into the wild for recreational fishing or to supplement a species' natural numbers is generally referred to as a fish hatchery.Carnivorous farmed fish are usually fed fishmeal and fish oil extracted from wild forage fish.Tilapia filter feed directly on phytoplankton, which makes higher production possible. Photosynthetic production can be increased by fertilizing pond water with artificial fertilizer mixtures, such as potash, phosphorus, nitrogen, and microelements.When temperatures, nutrient supply, and available sunlight are optimal for algal growth, algae multiply at an exponential rate, eventually exhausting nutrients and causing a subsequent die-off in fish. The decaying algal biomass depletes the oxygen in the pond water because it blocks out the sun and pollutes it with organic and inorganic solutes (such as ammonium ions), which can (and frequently do) lead to massive loss of fish.In the Czech Republic, thousands of natural and semi-natural ponds are harvested each year for trout and carp. The large Rozmberk Pond near Trebon, built in 1590, is still in use.Because of the requirement of sufficient fresh water, a massive water purification system must be integrated in the fish farm. One way to achieve this is to combine hydroponic horticulture and water treatment, see below. The exception to this rule are cages which are placed in a river or sea, which supplements the fish crop with sufficient oxygenated water. Some environmentalists object to this practice.It must contain a much higher level of protein (up to 60) than cattle feed and a balanced amino acid composition, as well. Fish do not use energy to keep warm, eliminating some carbohydrates and fats in the diet, required to provide this energy. This may be offset, though, by the lower land costs and the higher production which can be obtained due to the high level of input control.This is achieved by bubbling, cascade flow, or aqueous oxygen. Clarias spp. can breathe atmospheric air and can tolerate much higher levels of pollutants than trout or salmon, which makes aeration and water purification less necessary and makes Clarias species especially suited for intensive fish production. In some Clarias farms, about 10 of the water volume can consist of fish biomass.However, animal husbandry is a larger and more technologically mature area of human agriculture and has developed better solutions to pathogen problems. Intensive aquaculture has to provide adequate water quality (oxygen, ammonia, nitrite, etc.) levels to minimize stress on the fish. This requirement makes control of the pathogen problem more difficult. Intensive aquaculture requires tight monitoring and a high level of expertise of the fish farmer.By recycling water, little is used per unit of production. However, the process has high capital and operating costs.The increased incidences of dangerous viral diseases of koi carp, together with the high value of the fish, has led to initiatives in closed-system koi breeding and growing in a number of countries. Today, a few commercially successful intensive koi-growing facilities are operating in the UK, Germany, and Israel.They can be constructed of a wide variety of components. Fish are stocked in cages, artificially fed, and harvested when they reach market size.Given concerns of disease, poaching, poor water quality, etc., generally pond systems are considered simpler to start and easier to manage. Also, the past occurrences of cage-failures leading to escapes, have raised concern regarding the culture of non-native fish species in dam or open-water cages. On August 22, 2017, there was a massive failure of such cages at a commercial fishery in Washington state in Puget Sound, leading to release of nearly 300,000 Atlantic salmon in non-native waters.Copper alloys are antimicrobial, that is, they destroy bacteria, viruses, fungi, algae, and other microbes.Traditional netting involves regular and labor-intensive cleaning. In addition to its antifouling benefits, copper netting has strong structural and corrosion-resistant properties in marine environments.Extensive research, including demonstrations and trials, are being implemented on two other copper alloys: copper-nickel and copper-silicon. Each of these alloy types has an inherent ability to reduce biofouling, cage waste, disease, and the need for antibiotics, while simultaneously maintaining water circulation and oxygen requirements.The basic requirement is to have a ditch or pond that retains water, possibly with an above-ground irrigation system (many irrigation systems use buried pipes with headers.)In small systems, the fish are often fed commercial fish food, and their waste products can help fertilize the fields. In larger ponds, the pond grows water plants and algae as fish food. Some of the most successful ponds grow introduced strains of plants, as well as introduced strains of fish.Fertilizing, clarifying, and pH control of the water can increase yields substantially, as long as eutrophication is prevented and oxygen levels stay high. Yields can be low if the fish grow ill from electrolyte stress.In this system, of both local and imported fish, a combination of five or six fish species is used in a single fish pond. Fish used in this system include catla and silver carp which are surface feeders, rohu, a column feeder, and mrigal and common carp, which are bottom feeders.Even if fish are collected from the wild, they can be mixed with other species, as well. So, a major problem in fish farming is the lack of availability of good-quality stock. To overcome this problem, ways have now been worked out to breed these fish in ponds using hormonal stimulation. This has ensured the supply of pure fish stock in desired quantities.Extended water purification systems allow for the reuse ( recycling ) of local water.Basically, large plastic fish tanks are placed in a greenhouse. A hydroponic bed is placed near, above or between them.Carefully cultured microorganisms in the hydroponic bed convert ammonia to nitrates, and the plants are fertilized by the nitrates and phosphates.A wide variety of plants can grow well in the hydroponic beds. Most growers concentrate on herbs (e.g. parsley and basil ), which command premium prices in small quantities all year long.The main environmental impact is discharge of water that must be salted to maintain the fishes' electrolyte balance. Current growers use a variety of proprietary tricks to keep fish healthy, reducing their expenses for salt and wastewater discharge permits. Some veterinary authorities speculate that ultraviolet ozone disinfectant systems (widely used for ornamental fish) may play a prominent part in keeping the tilapia healthy with recirculated water.Managing both the biology and markets is complicated.The fry receive commercial fish food in pellets. While not as efficient as the New Alchemists' method, it is also far simpler and has been used for many years to stock streams with sport fish. European eel ( Anguilla anguilla ) aquaculturalists procure a limited supply of glass eels, juvenile stages of the European eel which swim north from the Sargasso Sea breeding grounds, for their farms. The European eel is threatened with extinction because of the excessive catch of glass eels by Spanish fishermen and overfishing of adult eels in, e.g., the Dutch IJsselmeer, Netherlands. Although European eel larvae can survive for several weeks, the full life cycle has not yet been achieved in captivity.Many cultured fishes (tilapia, carp, catfish, many others) require no meat or fish products in their diets. Top-level carnivores (most salmon species) depend on fish feed of which a portion is usually derived from wild-caught fish ( anchovies, menhaden, etc.). Vegetable-derived proteins have successfully replaced fish meal in feeds for carnivorous fishes, but vegetable-derived oils have not successfully been incorporated into the diets of carnivores. Research is underway to try to change this, such that even salmon and other carnivores could be successfully fed with vegetable products. Functional feeds are defined as high-quality feeds that beyond purposes of nutrition, they are formulated with health promoting features that could be beneficial in supporting disease resistance, such as CMS. In choosing a clinical nutrition approach using functional feeds could, potentially move away from chemotherapeutic and antibiotic treatments, which could lower the costs of disease treatment and management in fish farms. In this investigation three fishmeal-based diets were served—one made of 31 lipid and the other two made of 18 lipid (one contained fishmeal and the other krill meal. Results demonstrated a significant difference in the immune and inflammatory responses and pathology in heart tissue as the fish were infected with PMCV. Most successful aquaculture species are schooling species, which do not have social problems at high density.This relationship has been shown to hold for Atlantic, steelhead, pink, chum, and coho salmon.One place that has garnered international media attention is British Columbia's Broughton Archipelago.Not only does this help with the pollution problem, but water with a stronger current also aids in overall fish growth. Concern remains that resultant bacterial growth strips the water of oxygen, reducing or killing off the local marine life. Once an area has been so contaminated, the fish farms are moved to new, uncontaminated areas.In 1989, the AquaBounty Technologies developed the Aqua Advantage salmon. The concerns and critiques of cultivating this GMO fish in aquaculture are that the fish will escape and interact with other fish ultimately leading to the reproduction with other fishes.A RAS is a series of culture tanks and filters where water is continuously recycled and monitored to keep optimal conditions year round. To prevent the deterioration of water quality, the water is treated mechanically through the removal of particulate matter and biologically through the conversion of harmful accumulated chemicals into nontoxic ones.Through this system, many of the environmental drawbacks of aquaculture are minimized including escaped fish, water usage, and the introduction of pollutants.The environmental impact of larger indoor fish farming system will be linked to the local infrastructure, and water supply. As such, research and design work by Chowdhury and Graff remains difficult to implement.Their gills are then cut with a knife so that the fish bleed out before they are further processed. This is no longer considered a humane method of slaughter.However, it does not necessarily reduce sensibility to pain; indeed, the chilling process has been shown to elevate cortisol.Electric stunning can be applied after the fish has been taken out of the water (dry stunning) or while the fish is still in the water. The latter generally requires a much higher current and may lead to operator safety issues.Retrieved 30 January 2016. Archived from the original on 2017-03-09. Retrieved 30 January 2016. Retrieved 2009-08-28. Retrieved 29 June 2010. Retrieved 29 June 2010. Retrieved 2019-09-24. Retrieved 2010-09-21. CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( link ) Retrieved 2011-06-12. Humane Society of the United States. Retrieved 2011-06-12. Archived from the original on 2014-07-01. Retrieved 2013-11-07. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. As the scale of production increases, so does the likelihood that the industry will face emerging biological, economic and social challenges that may influence the ability to maintain ethically sound, productive and environmentally friendly production of fish. It is therefore important that the industry aspires to monitor and control the effects of these challenges to avoid also upscaling potential problems when upscaling production. We introduce the Precision Fish Farming (PFF) concept whose aim is to apply control-engineering principles to fish production, thereby improving the farmer's ability to monitor, control and document biological processes in fish farms. By adapting several core principles from Precision Livestock Farming (PLF), and accounting for the boundary conditions and possibilities that are particular to farming operations in the aquatic environment, PFF will contribute to moving commercial aquaculture from the traditional experience-based to a knowledge-based production regime. This can only be achieved through increased use of emerging technologies and automated systems. We have also reviewed existing technological solutions that could represent important components in future PFF applications. To illustrate the potential of such applications, we have defined four case studies aimed at solving specific challenges related to biomass monitoring, control of feed delivery, parasite monitoring and management of crowding operations. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of IAgrE. Recommended articles No articles found. Citing articles Article Metrics View article metrics About ScienceDirect Remote access Shopping cart Advertise Contact and support Terms and conditions Privacy policy We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. This guide specifically focuses on how to farm tilapia in ponds, tanks, floating cages and recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). The nutrient content of manures varies. Water buffalo manure has much lower nutrient levels compared to duck and chicken manure. Therefore, a combination of manures with inorganic fertilisers is used in low-input production systems. Fertilisation strategies produce fish to a size of 200-250 g in five months. Formulated feeds are necessary to produce larger fish and obtain a higher market price. However, this management regime is less profitable than the use of chicken litter and urea. Mesh size has a significant impact on production and should be 1.9 cm or greater to maintain free circulation of water. The breeding cycle of tilapia is disrupted in cages, and therefore mixed-sex populations can be reared in cages without the problems of recruitment and stunting. Eggs fall through the cage bottom or do not develop if they are fertilised. Other advantages include: In Colombia, cages range from 2.7 to 45 m 3 in volume and are stocked with 30 g sex-reversed male fingerlings and raised to 150-300 g in six to eight months. Streptococcal infections are a problem, and survival averages 65 per cent.